Lending entails a certain amount of risk on the part of the lender. This is due to the possibility that the capital loaned out will not be returned by the borrower, forcing the lender to incur a loss.
Lenders look for ways to assess the borrower’s creditworthiness or secure the loan through other means, often in the form of land or property collateral, in order to reduce the risk element.
Types of Loans
Loans can be divided into two main categories: secured and unsecured.
Unsecured loans have become more popular in recent years as a result of fintech companies discovering novel ways to assess a person’s or a business’ creditworthiness by taking into account additional factors like overall cash flow, employment status (salaried or not), business turnover, and an established credit score.
In order to qualify for a secured loan, a tangible asset, such as gold jewellery or real estate, must be pledged as security. According to the terms of the loan, if the borrower stops making loan payments for a predetermined amount of time, the lender has the right to seize the collateral and sell it in order to partially or fully recoup their loss.
Depending on the type of loan and the lender’s policies, the type of collateral and the terms associated with it might differ significantly. Let’s explore the specifics of what this type of securitization involves.
Why is collateral necessary?
The lender uses collateral as a means of protecting the loan. Collateral is still a favoured securitization option for the majority of loans, even though lenders, especially traditional institutions like banks, also consider numerous other variables including credit history and income stability to determine a borrower’s creditworthiness.
The risk assumed by the lender is significantly larger for loans granted without collateral, or unsecured loans, hence the interest rate charged in these loans is often higher than that on secured loans. Loans like personal loans, student loans, and credit cards are included in this category of credit. Prior to authorising an unsecured loan to the borrower, the lender is likely to perform a detailed assessment of the borrower’s financial situation and ability to repay the debt.
Another method of securitization entails using a different person as the loan’s guarantor in addition to the borrower. The guarantor is responsible for repaying the loan in the event that the borrower defaults. In order to be trusted to complete the loan, the guarantor typically needs to be more creditworthy than the borrower.
In contrast to this, a loan secured by collateral provides the lender with a higher level of security. They are consequently simpler to acquire but only available to people who already have such assets in their names. Borrowers can often acquire larger credit amounts with these loans at cheaper interest rates. As a result, the borrower will receive loans with more favorable terms.
Various Types of Collateral
Another method of securitization entails using a different person as the loan’s guarantor in addition to the borrower. The guarantor is responsible for repaying the loan in the event that the borrower defaults. In order to be trusted to complete the loan, the guarantor typically needs to be more creditworthy than the borrower.
In contrast to this, a loan secured by collateral provides the lender with a higher level of security. They are consequently more simpler to acquire but only available to people who already have such assets in their names. Borrowers can often acquire larger credit amounts with these loans at cheaper interest rates. As a result, the borrower will receive loans with more favorable terms.
The primary types of security required to obtain a secured loan are listed below:
Property or Land Collateral (immovable asset)
Real estate, such as one’s own home or a plot of land, is the most common form of collateral used by borrowers. Real estate holds value and depreciates at a lower rate than other types of collateral thus lenders prefer to use it as security. However, mortgaging a property might be risky for the borrower, particularly if it is their primary residence or their source of income.
So let’s take a closer look at some movable property used as collateral.
Machinery or Vehicles
Many loans are provided against movable assets with resale value, including vehicles or business-owned machinery. The ability to obtain a loan while keeping ownership and even using movable assets is made possible by hypothecating them to the lender. In rare circumstances, it can also include giving the lender actual ownership of the assets.
Gold, cash, and other precious items
In nations like India where many families have a custom of purchasing gold or where there may be generational gold passed down in the family, gold is a frequent kind of collateral. Lenders will accept gold bars, coins, and jewellery as collateral for loans, sometimes known as “gold loans.”
Other valuables, such fine art and antiques, can also be pledged as collateral, but the ratio of the loan amount to the actual worth of an asset is typically lower because it’s difficult to determine the actual value of these assets and they may fluctuate.
The money in the borrower’s savings account are referred to as cash collateral. A borrower can approach the bank where they have an open account and use the money in their savings account to secure a loan. This is one of the simplest types of collateral because the bank can immediately access and liquidate the account in the event of default. This also implies that the borrower can anticipate lower fees and interest rates on a loan secured with cash.
Inventory Financing and Invoice Financing
Two other types of collateral are available to business owners that can be used to get a loan for their company. They are invoice collateral and inventory financing. Stock financing is the practise of using stock or stock that is not intended for immediate sale as security. In the event of a default, the lender may take possession of and sell the inventory to recover its losses.
On the other side, invoice financing refers to offering outstanding payments or orders as security in exchange for a loan. This is being done in the hope that the payments will be made on time and will cover the debt. This aids companies in managing cash flow and maintaining consistency in their operations.
Investment Collateral or Securities
Depending on the lending institution’s policies, personal investments in securities, which include stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, are another type of asset that can be used as collateral to secure a loan. This kind of security is more frequently utilised to protect line of credit and business loans. The borrower still has ownership over the securities portfolio and can continue to profit from the yields even when the loan is being repaid.
Similar to cash, this type of collateral has the benefit of being quickly liquidated by the lender in the event of a default, but it also carries a higher level of risk. This is due to the fact that the value of such holdings can change.
This is due to the fact that the value of such holdings is less certain than that of cash or real estate collateral because it is subject to market fluctuations. Even after the assets are confiscated, the borrower can still be obligated to pay the lender the remaining sum if the investment’s value drops below the loaned amount.
What Happens in the Case of Default?
While lenders typically cooperate with borrowers to lessen the likelihood that a secured loan would default, if it occurs, the lender may start the process of taking back the assets pledged as collateral and selling them to recuperate some or all of their losses. When a mortgage is involved, the procedure whereby the lender takes possession of the property is referred to as foreclosure
In addition to being a hassle for the borrower, this process can also make lenders reluctant to start it because it takes time and money.
- Before considering a non-payment or missing equated monthly installment (EMI) as a default, the lender will typically send the borrower a number of reminders and give them a grace period to make up any late payments.
- Alternatives like mortgage help, loan term modifications, or partial write-offs may also be used by them.
- The foreclosure or repossession process is initiated and the lender asserts ownership of the assets if everything else fails and the loan is deemed a non-performing asset (NPA), which typically occurs after a period of 90 days or three missed EMIs.
Bottom Line
A time-tested and often used form of security for getting loan, collateral has the benefit of lowering risk for lenders and providing borrowers with better loan terms. Lack of collateral, however, prevents many individuals from accessing credit that might otherwise enable them to better their life by expanding their businesses, pursuing educational opportunities, or being able to purchase a home.
This is especially true for last-mile borrowers who lack the formalization and comprehension of the intricate paperwork or who do not own assets that can be used as security.
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